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Corruption in Developing Countries
The past 10-15 years have seen an increase in anticorruption initiatives that are based on the belief that corruption may be reduced if proper incentives are implemented and focused towards politicians, bureaucrats, and civil society. These initiatives include, but are not limited to, the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, the UN convention against corruption, strengthening World Bank Group engagement on governance and anti-corruption, and increased enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. In this article, Olken and Pande compare the findings of different studies in order to evaluate the validity of this belief. This includes a comparison of corruption measurement tools, efficiency costs, and ideas to curb corruption.
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Need versus Greed Corruption
The paper ‘Why Pay Bribes? Collective Action and Anti-Corruption Efforts’ by Monika Bauhr & Naghmeh Nasiritousi, makes an important contribution to the literature on corruption by drawing a new distinction between different kinds of corruption: need and greed. While most existing typologies and measures of corruption focus on the scale of corruption, this paper emphasizes its character, and in particular, the basic motivations for engaging in corruption in the first place. Need corruption occurs when citizens pay a bribe for services they are legally entitled to, like health services. Greed corruption is about bribes that confer personal advantages which the citizen is not legally entitled to, such as paying an official for a government contract. The former entails extortion, as it involves an extra-legal premium on citizens’ entitlements. The latter takes the form of collusion, as a number of actors work together for their mutual benefit.
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From Islands of Integrity to Understanding the Politics of Corruption Reduction
Under what circumstances does a reduction in the patterns of corruption occur? To what extent is this associated with changing structural conditions, or with formal or informal institutional change, or with more effective implementation? To what extent can it be attributed to the role of individuals, organisations and coalitions that pursue and promote reform? How do such factors combine? Why have some public organisations or sectors seen a reduction in corruption (or a greater reduction than might be expected) while others have not? What explains the differences across or within countries and sectors?
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Global Right to Information Rating
The Right to Information (RTI) rating, which covers 89 countries around the world, was developed by Access Info Europe and the Centre for Law and Democracy. The central idea behind the RTI Rating is to provide RTI advocates, reformers, legislators and others with a reliable tool for assessing the overall strength of the legal framework in their country for RTI. The Rating also indicates the strengths and weaknesses of the legal framework in seven different categories, namely: Right of Access, Scope, Requesting Procedures, Exceptions and Refusals, Appeals, Sanctions and Protections, and Promotional Measures. There are a total of 61 Indicators, each with a range of possible scores which in most cases is 0-2, for a possible total of 150 points. The Indicators are drawn from a wide range of international standards on the right to information, as well as comparative study of numerous right to information laws from around the world. A standardised scoring tool, based on the Indicators, was developed to ensure that the points under each Indicator were allocated consistently across different countries. The scoring tool was then applied to each of the 89 countries with right to information laws around the world by researchers at CLD and AIE. The analysis shows vast room for improvement: two thirds of countries (64%) scored in the middle range, between 60 and 100 points out of 150. Typical weaknesses were the limited scope, over-broad exceptions regimes, shortcomings in oversight and appeals mechanisms, and lack of legal requirements to promote awareness of the public's right of access to information. Please see link for more details.
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Where the Bribes Are Paid - Interactive Database
This interactive database compiles decades of data on violations and penalties under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.S. flagship legislation that makes bribery of foreign officials a crime. Since its inception, prosecutors have penalized over 200 companies under the FCPA in about 80 countries, amassing about $4 billion in penalties. The database, called Where the Bribes are Paid , allows users to see how the total penalties amassed in each country break down by sector.
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2011 Bribe Payers Index
The Bribe Payers Index is a unique tool capturing the supply side of international bribery, specifically focussing on bribes paid by the private sector. The 2011 Bribe Payers Index is the fifth edition of the index, ranking 28 of the world’s largest economies according to the likelihood of firms from these countries to bribe when doing business abroad. It is based on the results of Transparency International’s 2011 Bribe Payers Survey. This asked 3,016 senior business executives in 30 countries around the world for their perceptions of the likelihood of companies, from countries they have business dealings with, to engage in bribery when doing business in the executive’s country. A sectoral ranking is also available which scores and ranks 19 sectors. The survey asked how often three different types of bribery were perceived to occur in each sector: firstly, bribery of low-ranking public officials; secondly, improper contributions to high-ranking politicians to achieve influence; and thirdly, bribery between private companies.
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Posted by
Farzana Nawaz
at
Nov 24, 2011 12:40 PM
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Categories:
Global, Empirical Data Analysis, Qualitative Analysis, Private Sector (General), Health, Construction, Defence, Extractives, Real Estate, Financial Markets, Forestry, Energy
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Political Economy of Corruption and Good Governance (Lafollette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison)
The focus of this seminar is on the question: What are the prospects for success in anti-corruption reform and prescriptions, if any, for hurrying good governance along? The seminar has a strong policy orientation: it considers the state of cumulative knowledge on corruption as a policy issue that demands action both within countries and globally by a wide range of players.
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Preventing Corruption in Health Programs (Boston University, School of Public Health)
This course is designed to provide students with skills for assessing vulnerabilities to corruption in the health sector. It aims to build the confidence, knowledge and skills needed to become an effective advocate for anti-corruption strategies and health system reforms that promote accountability and transparency.
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Posted by
Farzana Nawaz
at
May 31, 2010 01:50 PM
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Categories:
Human Rights, Political Corruption, Global, Africa, Latin America and the Carribbeans, Asia Pacific, Access to Information, Anti-Corruption Institutions, Anti-Corruption Laws, Qualitative Analysis, Health
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Corruption, Conflict and Peacebuilding (Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University)
This course is a module of Tufts University Graduate Program. It looks at the nexus between conflict, corruption and peace as a cutting-edge issue in post-conflict state building. The course provides a comprehensive grounding in the basics of the corruption literature, reviews current approaches to anti-corruption measures at the policy and practice level, provides insights into how corruption and anti-corruption concepts can be applied to conflict environments.
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Posted by
Farzana Nawaz
at
May 31, 2010 12:50 PM
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Categories:
Aid and Humanitarian Assistance, Organised Crime, Political Corruption, Post-conflict, Poverty, Global, Africa, Law Enforcement, Empirical Data Analysis, Qualitative Analysis, Comparative Analysis, Extractives
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Call for Papers
Citizens and Markets - Open Data, Open Government and Public Procurement
May 02, 2012 08:50 PM
As part of its global initiative "Citizens and Markets", Transparencia Mexicana, the Mexican national chapter of Transparency International, has announced a call for ...
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Job Posting
Campaign Coordinator: Global Movement for Budget Transparency and Accountability
Mar 01, 2012 05:31 PM
The government's budget affects the life of every citizen, especially those that are poor or marginalised. Yet, in many countries citizens have limited access to ...
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Job Posting
Country Assessor / Peer Reviewer
Dec 13, 2011 01:30 AM
The Transparency International Defence and Security Programme plans to establish a global index to measure levels of integrity and corruption in national defence and ...
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Job Posting
Democracy Fellowship - Governance Division
Aug 23, 2010 06:51 PM
The Governance Division wishes to bring on board a Democracy Fellow to coordinate its Research Agenda, the governance component of the new Evaluating Democracy and ...
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